You can think of the specification of a patent application as being similar to a candy bar wrapper. On every wrapper there will be a list of ingredients: sugar, chocolate, corn syrup, nuts, etc. As with candy wrappers, the specification of a patent application will have a list of ingredients or components which enumerate all of the different types of parts that can be used in that invention.
For instance, there are many types of chocolate bars: there are chocolate candy bars, toffee candy bars, milk chocolate bars, energy bars, etc. Unlike candy bars, a patent specification may have the ingredients to cover several different types of alternative embodiments, or chocolate bars. This is because in a patent application you may want to how to make a chocolate candy bar, a toffee candy bar, an energy bar, etc. So a patent specification will usually list more components of an invention than are actually used with each embodiment. In other words, in some inventions you may use tape, in others you may use glue, or in others, you may use a nail. You get the idea.
APPLICATION
You can also think of a patent specification as the instruction manual on how to assemble that bookshelf you bought at the store. In those manuals they will usually list all of those parts, but they will also show you how they are connected with each other (the leg bone is connected to the thigh bone, the thigh bone is connected to the...) Likewise, patent specifications will usually dictate how those parts will be interrelated or connected with each other in order to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention.
The Specification of a Patent Application APPLICATION
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